Assessing Spatial, Temporal, and Analytical Variation of Groundwater Chemistry in a Large Nuclear Complex, USA

Statistical analyses were applied at the Hanford Site, USA, to assess groundwater contamination problems that included (1) determining local backgrounds to ascertain whether a facility is affecting the groundwater quality and (2) determining a ‘pre-Hanford' groundwater background to allow formulation of background-based cleanup standards. The primary purpose of this paper is to extend the random effects models for (1) assessing the spatial, temporal, and analytical variability of groundwater background measurements; (2) demonstrating that the usual variance estimate s ², which ignores the variance components, is a biased estimator; (3) providing formulas for calculating the amount of bias; and (4) recommending monitoring strategies to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background concentrations. A case study is provided. Results indicate that (1) without considering spatial and temporal variability, there is a high probability of false positives, resulting in unnecessary remediation and/or monitoring expenses; (2) the most effective way to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background, and enhance the power of the statistical tests in general, is to increase the number of background wells; and (3) background for a specific constituent should be considered as a statistical distribution, not as a single value or threshold. The methods and the related analysis of variance tables discussed in this paper can be used as diagnostic tools in documenting the extent of inherent spatial and/or temporal variation and to help select an appropriate statistical method for testing purposes.     

生态足迹影响因子的定量分析

人口的膨胀和人类工业化进程的加剧，使得人类向自然界获取越来越多的资源，同时向环境源源不断的输入废弃物，已经严重超过了自然生态系统的供给能力和环境容量，生态环境日益恶化，水土流失、草场退化、植被消亡、生物多样性锐减、全球变暖等情况已经严重到难以遏制的地步，危及到人类自身的生存。在和平与发展成为世界两大主题的今天，人们越来越关注可持续发展的问题。在现有资料的基础上，利用主成分分析方法，定量地讨论了中国各省（区市）1999年生态足迹大小与其影响因子间的关系。结果表明，生态足迹的大小是各省（区市）的大中型企业个数、全社会固定生产投资等众多因子共同作用的结果，其中总人口和GDP是生态足迹大小的主要影响因子，其因子载荷量分别达到了0.940和0.913。值得一提的是非农业人口与生态足迹的相关系数超过了农业人口，这说明由于消费模式和生活水平等的差异，非农业人口对生态足迹的影响大于农业人口对生态足迹的影响。在此基础上建立了生态足迹影响因子的多元线性回归模型，以期为生态足迹在进行区域可持续发展评价的方法上提供新的思路。     

三江平原地貌因子及其主要环境地质问题

地貌因子有其不可替代的作用和功能,是决定环境的主要因子,是生态地质环境中最积极最活跃的主导支力条件;是生态平衡的重中之重;是生态地质环境的基础,并影响其它因子或成份.如地貌因子或成份发生了变化,其它因子或成份就会发生一系列连锁反应;地貌因子发生变化或失去平衡,其它因子也会发生变化或失去平衡.文本论述了三江平原地貌特征,详细地分析了地貌的作用,阐明了有关地貌的主要环境地质问题.     

Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.     

典型脱硫工艺对燃煤锅炉烟气颗粒物的影响

脱硫是燃煤锅炉的重要除污环节,为探究脱硫工艺对烟气颗粒物的影响,选取4台不同脱硫工艺（石灰石/石膏法、炉内喷钙法、氨法和双碱法）的燃煤锅炉,利用再悬浮采样法和稀释通道采样法分别采集脱硫前后烟气颗粒物样品,并测定颗粒物中的水溶性离子、无机元素和碳组分.结果表明,脱硫剂对烟气PM_2.5的组分构成产生影响,烟气经过石灰石/石膏法脱硫后,PM_2.5中的Ca由5.1%提高至24.8%;经过氨法脱硫后,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺的质量分数由0.8%提高到7.3%;双碱法脱硫则使烟气PM_2.5中Na由0.9%提高到1.7%.湿法和干法脱硫工艺的作用显著不同,湿法脱硫排放颗粒物的离子含量较高,经过石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫,PM_2.5中SO₄^2-的质量分数分别由2.0%和6.7%提高到9.6%和11.9%,Cl^-分别由0.4%和1.2%提高到3.8%和5.2%,而Cr、Pb、Cu、Ti和Mn等重金属经过湿法脱硫出现含量下降;相对湿法脱硫,干法脱硫燃煤锅炉排放的PM_2.5中富含Al、Si和Fe等地壳元素.湿法脱硫同样对碳组分产生影响,石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫后,烟气PM_2.5的元素碳EC质量分数分别从6.1%降至0.9%和从3.6%降至0.7%,但是有机碳OC的含量并没有下降.     

长江流域等重污染行业经济和污染贡献率剖析

应用"污染贡献率"这一指标,分析了长江、黄河、珠江和松花江流域COD和氨氮排放的重污染行业以及地区分布,指出了各流域COD和氨氮排放的控制重点.同时分析了各流域重污染行业的经济贡献率,最后结合行业的污染贡献率和经济贡献率以及行业在地区所占的比例,提出了几点重要的结论.     

贵阳地区基本地质环境和主要岩土工程问题综述

本文系笔者对贵阳地区主要地质环境和工程地质特点进行的初步总结,内容为贵阳地区主要岩土构成情况、分布范围及与之相应的岩土工程地质特点和主要的岩土工程地质问题的描述,旨在给同行提供宏观性的了解和方向性的参考。     

characteristics of PM2.5 in rural areas of southern Jiangsu Province, China

Introduction Anumberofstudiesabroadhavedemonstratedthat atmosphericfineparticulatematter(PM2.5,dp<2.5μm)is notonlyassociatedwithatmosphericvisibilityreductionbut alsohasaclearcorrelationwiththenumberofdailydeathsandhospitalizationsasaconsequenceofpulmonarydisease(Chan,1997;Christoforous,2000;Schwartz,1996;Wilson,1997).On18July,1997,theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)promulgatednewandsevere standardsforfineparticulates(PM2.5)withthesizebelow2.5μm(15μg m3asannualaverage,65μg m…     

影响北京地区土壤元素背景值的因素分析

用主成份分析研究了影响北京地区土壤元素背景值的主要因素。分析结果表明,影响土壤元素背景值的主要因素,在平原地区是地貌条件,在山区是成土母质。     

滇池流域农村面源问题浅析

介绍了滇池流域自然和社会经济概况,分析了非点源污染的特性。认为滇池流域农村面源主要由村镇生活污水、农村固体废物、化肥施用、地表径流、土壤侵蚀和流失、畜禽养殖粪便构成。在得出结论的基础上提出了措施。